Electrochemical Vicinal Difluorination of Alkenes: Scalable and Amenable to Electron‐Rich Substrates

Fluorinated alkyl groups are important motifs in bioactive compounds, positively influencing pharmacokinetics, potency and conformation. The oxidative difluorination of alkenes represents an important strategy for their preparation, yet current methods are limited in their alkene‐types and tolerance of electron‐rich, readily oxidized functionalities, as well as in their safety and scalability. Herein, we report a method for the difluorination of a number of unactivated alkene‐types that is tolerant of electron‐rich functionality, giving products that are otherwise unattainable. Key to success is the electrochemical generation of a hypervalent iodine mediator using an “ex‐cell” approach, which avoids oxidative substrate decomposition. The more sustainable conditions give good to excellent yields in up to decagram scales.     

A Low‐Cost and Environmentally Friendly Mixed Polyanionic Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Storage

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) are the most promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries in the development of renewable energy sources. The advancement of NIBs depends on the exploration of new electrode materials and fundamental understanding of working mechanisms. Herein, via experimental and simulation methods, we develop a mixed polyanionic compound, Na₂Fe(C₂O₄)SO₄?H₂O, as a cathode for NIBs. Thanks to its rigid three dimensional framework and the combined inductive effects from oxalate and sulfate, it delivered reversible Na insertion/desertion at average discharging voltages of 3.5 and 3.1 V for 500 cycles with Coulombic efficiencies of ca. 99 %. In situ synchrotron X‐ray measurements and DFT calculations demonstrate the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox reactions contribute to electron compensation during Na⁺ desertion/insertion. The study suggests mixed polyanionic frameworks may provide promising materials for Na ion storage with the merits of low cost and environmental friendliness.     

Nitride Spinel: An Ultraincompressible High‐Pressure Form of BeP2N4

Owing to its outstanding elastic properties, the nitride spinel γ‐Si₃N₄ is of considered interest for materials scientists and chemists. DFT calculations suggest that Si₃N₄‐analog beryllium phosphorus nitride BeP₂N₄ adopts the spinel structure at elevated pressures as well and shows outstanding elastic properties. Herein, we investigate phenakite‐type BeP₂N₄ by single‐crystal synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and report the phase transition into the spinel‐type phase at 47 GPa and 1800 K in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell. The structure of spinel‐type BeP₂N₄ was refined from pressure‐dependent in situ synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction measurements down to ambient pressure, which proves spinel‐type BeP₂N₄ a quenchable and metastable phase at ambient conditions. Its isothermal bulk modulus was determined to 325(8) GPa from equation of state, which indicates that spinel‐type BeP₂N₄ is an ultraincompressible material.     

Unambiguous Intracellular Localization and Quantification of a Potent Iridium Anticancer Compound by Correlative 3D Cryo X‐Ray Imaging

The iridium half‐sandwich complex [Ir(η⁵:κ¹‐C₅Me₄CH₂py)(2‐phenylpyridine)]PF₆ is highly cytotoxic: 15–250× more potent than clinically used cisplatin in several cancer cell lines. We have developed a correlative 3D cryo X‐ray imaging approach to specifically localize and quantify iridium within the whole hydrated cell at nanometer resolution. By means of cryo soft X‐ray tomography (cryo‐SXT), which provides the cellular ultrastructure at 50 nm resolution, and cryo hard X‐ray fluorescence tomography (cryo‐XRF), which provides the elemental sensitivity with a 70 nm step size, we have located the iridium anticancer agent exclusively in the mitochondria. Our methodology provides unique information on the intracellular fate of the metallodrug, without chemical fixation, labeling, or mechanical manipulation of the cells. This cryo‐3D correlative imaging method can be applied to a number of biochemical processes for specific elemental localization within the native cellular landscape.     

设计性化学实验教学的探索与实践*——以“分子络合-分散液相微萃取/高效液相色谱法测定环境水中萘酚”为例

结合科研课题及实验教学经验,设计了题为“分子络合-分散液相微萃取/高效液相色谱法测定环境水中萘酚”的综合化学实验教学项目。该实验从复杂样品的前处理技术出发,建立分子络合-分散液相微萃取技术并用于水中萘酚的分析,实验优化了影响萃取效果的因素,确定了合适的萃取装置、操作模式及HPLC分析条件等内容。本实验设计结合了新颖的科研内容,能引起学生主动参与实验设计并自主探索未知的兴趣,有利于提高学生的创新能力和综合素养。     

基于蓝墨云班课的“物理化学实验”微课设计与应用*

为解决物理化学实验教学中存在的问题,以蓝墨云班课为教学平台,利用微课资源,采用翻转课堂和传统教学有机结合的教学方式,进行教学改革,详细介绍了物理化学实验微课的设计、应用及效果分析。教学实践表明,教改后的教学模式有效激发了学生的学习积极性,提升了教学效率和效果。     

跨学科项目教学案例*——魔力沙

以魔术表演用的沙子为素材,开发了适用于高中选修课程“发展中的化学学科”的具有跨学科性的项目教学案例,该项目弱化理论分析环节后也可以用于初中科学实践活动课程。项目引导学生在更宽广的学科背景下认识物质及其变化的规律,帮助学生拓展视野和思路,综合运用化学、物理等学科的知识分析解决有关问题,发展“宏观辨识与微观探析”“科学探究与创新意识”“科学态度与社会责任”等化学学科核心素养。     

基于极课大数据的初中化学组卷及试卷评价

为了提高组卷质量,基于极课大数据建立初中化学校本题库,根据双向细目表,利用该系统的出卷功能进行组卷。采用SPSS软件对试卷难度、区分度、信度和效度进行综合分析和评价,可知基于极课所出试卷各项评价指标较优秀,符合考试要求,试卷质量高。     

化学能转化成电能的实验设计

以常见的铜锌原电池反应为例,设计了一组对比实验装置,即化学反应装置与原电池装置。以化学反应装置中的能量变化为依据,展示了化学反应中释放出的能量具体形式为“热”与“功”;通过与原电池装置的比较,证明原电池实验装置中的“热”转化为了电能。     

职前与在职化学教师对教学能力认知差异的实证研究*

采用定量的方法对112位化学师范生和83位中学化学教师进行问卷调查,了解职前、在职教师对教学能力要素重要性认识的情况,问卷涉及本体要素、工具要素、条件要素、实践要素、情意要素和发展要素等6大维度。基于Rasch测量模型,利用ConQuest,Winstep,SPSS22.0软件对数据进行统计分析。研究发现:(1)问卷具有良好的信效度;(2)师范生、在职教师均把情意要素作为教学能力的首要成分,其次依次是本体要素、发展要素、实践要素,工具要素与条件要素排在其他要素之后;(3)工具要素重要性赞同度师范生显著高于在职教师,其余维度差异不显著,不同性别各维度重要性赞同度也无显著性差异;(4)由ConQuest多维分析所建立的项目被试图可以直观展示不同维度上各教学能力的重要程度。